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Covariance

A measure of how two variables change together, indicating the direction of their linear relationship.

A measure of how two variables change together, indicating the direction of their linear relationship.

This concept is essential for understanding machine learning fundamentals and forms a key part of modern AI systems.

Correlation
Variance
Statistics

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Covariance

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Principal Component Analysis

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Foundations Principal Component Analysis A dimensionality reduction technique that transforms data into orthogonal components ordered by variance explained. Foundations Mutual Information A measure of dependence between variables, quantifying how much knowing one reduces uncertainty about the other. Foundations Gaussian Process A non-parametric Bayesian approach for regression and classification, defining distributions over functions. Foundations Normalization Scaling features to a standard range (typically 0-1 using min-max scaling) to improve model training and convergence. Often used interchangeably with standardization (mean=0, std=1), though technically distinct.